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What are Bacteria and Bacterial Infections Part 2

 

Bacterial Infection

Bacterial Infection Symptoms

Bacterial Infection Treatment

The next stage of infection is invasion that is the penetration of the epithelium to generate pathogenicity. At the point of entry, usually at small breaks or lesions in the skin or mucosal surfaces, growth is often established in the submucosa. Growth can also be established on intact mucosal surfaces, especially if the normal flora is altered or eliminated. Pathogen growth may also be established at sites distant from the original point of entry. Access to distant, usually interior, sites occurs through the blood or lymphatic system.

If a pathogen gains access to tissues by adhesion and invasion, it must then multiply, a process called colonization. Colonization requires that the pathogen bind to specific tissue surface receptors and overcome any non-specific or immune host defenses. The initial inoculum is rarely sufficient to cause damage. A pathogen must grow within host tissues in order to produce disease. If a pathogen is to grow, it must find appropriate nutrients and environmental conditions in the host. Temperature, pH and reduction potential are environmental factors that affect pathogen growth, but the availability of microbial nutrients in host tissues is most important. Not all nutrients may be plentiful in different regions. Soluble nutrients such as sugars, amino acids and organic acids may often be in short supply and organisms able to utilize complex nutrient sources such as glycogen may be favored. Trace elements may also be in short supply and can influence the establishment of a pathogen.

For example, iron is thought to have a strong influence on microbial growth. Specific iron binding proteins called transferrin and lactoferrin exist in human cells and transfer iron through the body. Such is the affinity of these proteins for iron, that microbial iron deficiency may be common and administration of a soluble iron salt may greatly increase the virulence of some pathogens. Many bacteria produce iron-chelating compounds known as siderophores, which help them to obtain iron from the environment. Some iron chelators isolated from pathogenic bacteria are so efficient that they can actually remove iron from host iron binding proteins. For example, a siderophore called aerobactin, produced by certain strains of E. coli and encoded by the Col V plasmid, readily removes iron bound to transferring.

After initial entry, the organism often remains localized and multiplies, producing a small focus of infection such as a boil, carbuncle or pimple. For example, these commonly arise from Staphylococcus infections of the skin. Alternatively, the organism may pass through the lymphatic vessels and be deposited in lymph nodes. If an organism reaches the blood, it will be distributed to distal parts of the body, usually concentrating in the liver or spleen. Spread of the pathogen through the blood and lymph systems can result in generalized (systemic) infection of the body, with the organism growing in a variety of tissues. If extensive bacterial growth in tissues occurs, some of the organisms may be shed into the bloodstream, a condition known as bacteremia.

The Hague (seat of gov't)
Andorra, Andorra la Vella,
Singapore, Singapore,
Yugoslavia, Belgrade,
Nigeria, Abuja,
Tonga, Nuku'alofa,
Hungary, Budapest,
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat,
Bolivia, Sucre,
Congo (Brazzaville), Brazzaville

 

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